Class 9 Civics: Chapter 1- What is Democracy? Why Democracy?
Introduction
What is Democracy? Why Democracy?
Welcome to our deep dive into one of the most fundamental concepts that shape our world today: democracy. But what exactly is democracy, and why does it hold such a pivotal place in our political discourse? Whether you’re a student of political science, an engaged citizen, or simply curious about the mechanisms behind our governance, understanding democracy is crucial.
At its core, democracy is a system of government where power rests in the hands of the people. The term itself originates from the Greek words *demos*, meaning “people,” and *kratos*, meaning “power” or “rule.” So, democracy literally translates to “rule by the people.” This principle suggests that in a democratic society, every citizen has a voice in the decisions that affect their lives. But, as we dig deeper, we’ll discover that democracy is more than just a political structure; it’s a set of ideals and practices that strive to ensure fairness, equality, and representation.
Why democracy, though? In a world rife with various forms of governance—monarchies, dictatorships, and oligarchies—democracy stands out as a system that champions individual freedoms and collective participation. It promotes transparency, accountability, and the protection of human rights. But it’s not without its challenges and criticisms. From the complexities of electoral systems to the risks of populism, democracy is a living, evolving entity that constantly requires our attention and engagement.
Join us as we explore the origins of democracy, its different forms, and the reasons why it continues to be a compelling model for governance. We’ll unravel its strengths and weaknesses and reflect on how this ancient concept remains remarkably relevant in our contemporary world.
परिचय
लोकतंत्र क्या है? लोकतंत्र क्यों?
आज हमारी दुनिया को आकार देने वाली सबसे बुनियादी अवधारणाओं में से एक: लोकतंत्र: पर गहराई से चर्चा करने के लिए आपका स्वागत है। लेकिन वास्तव में लोकतंत्र क्या है, और यह हमारे राजनीतिक विमर्श में इतना महत्वपूर्ण स्थान क्यों रखता है? चाहे आप राजनीति विज्ञान के छात्र हों, एक प्रतिबद्ध नागरिक हों, या बस हमारे शासन के पीछे के तंत्र के बारे में उत्सुक हों, लोकतंत्र को समझना महत्वपूर्ण है।
इसके मूल में, लोकतंत्र सरकार की एक प्रणाली है जहां सत्ता लोगों के हाथों में होती है। यह शब्द स्वयं ग्रीक शब्द *डेमोस*, जिसका अर्थ है “लोग,” और *क्रेटोस*, जिसका अर्थ है “शक्ति” या “शासन” से बना है। इसलिए, लोकतंत्र का शाब्दिक अर्थ है “लोगों द्वारा शासन।” यह सिद्धांत बताता है कि एक लोकतांत्रिक समाज में, प्रत्येक नागरिक को उन निर्णयों में अपनी आवाज उठानी होती है जो उनके जीवन को प्रभावित करते हैं। लेकिन, जैसे-जैसे हम गहराई से खोजते हैं, हमें पता चलेगा कि लोकतंत्र सिर्फ एक राजनीतिक संरचना से कहीं अधिक है; यह आदर्शों और प्रथाओं का एक समूह है जो निष्पक्षता, समानता और प्रतिनिधित्व सुनिश्चित करने का प्रयास करता है।
फिर भी लोकतंत्र क्यों? शासन के विभिन्न रूपों – राजशाही, तानाशाही और कुलीनतंत्र – से भरे विश्व में लोकतंत्र एक ऐसी प्रणाली के रूप में सामने आती है जो व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता और सामूहिक भागीदारी की हिमायत करती है। यह पारदर्शिता, जवाबदेही और मानवाधिकारों की सुरक्षा को बढ़ावा देता है। लेकिन यह अपनी चुनौतियों और आलोचनाओं के बिना नहीं है। चुनावी प्रणालियों की जटिलताओं से लेकर लोकलुभावनवाद के जोखिमों तक, लोकतंत्र एक जीवित, विकसित इकाई है जिसे लगातार हमारे ध्यान और जुड़ाव की आवश्यकता होती है।
हमसे जुड़ें क्योंकि हम लोकतंत्र की उत्पत्ति, इसके विभिन्न रूपों और उन कारणों का पता लगाते हैं कि यह शासन के लिए एक सम्मोहक मॉडल क्यों बना हुआ है। हम इसकी ताकत और कमजोरियों को उजागर करेंगे और इस बात पर विचार करेंगे कि यह प्राचीन अवधारणा हमारे समकालीन दुनिया में कैसे उल्लेखनीय रूप से प्रासंगिक बनी हुई है।
डैमोक्रैसी क्या होती है?
लोकतंत्र सरकार का एक रूप है जिसमें शासक लोगों द्वारा चुने जाते हैं।
Features of Democracy
• The rulers are elected by the people.
• Free and competitive elections are held.
• Universal Adult Franchise : Each adult irrespective of religion, education, caste, colour, wealth have one vote, one value.
• The elected rulers take decisions within limits set by constitutional law and citizens’ rights.
• Rule of Law
• The rights of the citizens must be protected through Constitution.
• There must be an independent judiciary.
लोकतंत्र की विशेषताएं
• शासक जनता द्वारा चुने जाते हैं।
• स्वतंत्र एवं प्रतिस्पर्धी चुनाव होते हैं।
• सार्वभौम वयस्क मताधिकार : धर्म, शिक्षा, जाति, रंग, धन की परवाह किए बिना प्रत्येक वयस्क का एक वोट, एक मूल्य है।
• निर्वाचित शासक संवैधानिक कानून और नागरिकों के अधिकारों द्वारा निर्धारित सीमाओं के भीतर निर्णय लेते हैं।
• कानून का शासन
• संविधान के माध्यम से नागरिकों के अधिकारों की रक्षा की जानी चाहिए।
• एक स्वतंत्र न्यायपालिका होनी चाहिए।
Major Decisions by Elected leaders
• In Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf led a military coup in October 1999 and overthrew democratically elected government and became President of the country.
→ In 2002, he held a referendum in the country which was based on malpractices and fraud granted him a five-year extension.
• In this case, Pakistan has had elections, elected representatives have some powers. But the final
power rests with military officers and General Musharraf himself. So,this should not be called a
democracy.
निर्वाचित नेताओं के प्रमुख निर्णय
• पाकिस्तान में जनरल परवेज़ मुशर्रफ ने अक्टूबर 1999 में सैन्य तख्तापलट का नेतृत्व किया और लोकतांत्रिक रूप से चुनी हुई सरकार को उखाड़ फेंका और देश के राष्ट्रपति बन गये।
→ 2002 में, उन्होंने देश में एक जनमत संग्रह कराया जो कदाचार और धोखाधड़ी पर आधारित था और उन्हें पांच साल का विस्तार दिया गया।
→ कानून पारित करने के बाद, ‘कानूनी ढांचा आदेश’ जिसने राष्ट्रपति को राष्ट्रीय और प्रांतीय विधानसभाओं को बर्खास्त करने की शक्ति दी, राष्ट्रीय और प्रांतीय विधानसभाओं के लिए चुनाव हुए।
• इस मामले में, पाकिस्तान में चुनाव हुए हैं, निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधियों के पास कुछ शक्तियां हैं। लेकिन अंतिम
सत्ता सैन्य अधिकारियों और स्वयं जनरल मुशर्रफ के पास है। अत: इसे ए नहीं कहा जाना चाहिए
प्रजातंत्र।
• लोकतंत्र में, अंतिम निर्णय लेने की शक्ति लोगों द्वारा चुने गए लोगों के पास होनी चाहिए।
• In China, elections are regularly held after every five years for electing the country’s parliament called National People’s Congress.
→ Before contesting elections, a candidate needs the approval of the Chinese Communist Party.
→ The government is always formed by the Communist Party.
• A democracy must be based on a free and fair election where those currently in power have a fair chance of losing.
स्वतंत्र एवं निष्पक्ष चुनावी प्रतिस्पर्धा
• चीन में, देश की संसद जिसे नेशनल पीपुल्स कांग्रेस कहा जाता है, के चुनाव के लिए हर पांच साल में नियमित रूप से चुनाव होते हैं।
→ चुनाव लड़ने से पहले उम्मीदवार को चीनी कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी की मंजूरी की आवश्यकता होती है।
→ सरकार सदैव कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी की बनती है।
• मेक्सिको अपने राष्ट्रपति को चुनने के लिए हर छह साल बाद चुनाव कराता है।
→ लेकिन 2000 तक हर चुनाव PRI (इंस्टीट्यूशनल रिवोल्यूशनरी पार्टी) नामक पार्टी जीतती थी। → विपक्षी दलों ने चुनाव तो लड़ा, लेकिन कभी जीतने में कामयाब नहीं हुए क्योंकि पीआरआई चुनाव जीतने के लिए कई गंदी चालें अपनाने के लिए जाना जाता था।
• दोनों ही मामलों को लोकतंत्र नहीं कहा जाना चाहिए.
• लोकतंत्र स्वतंत्र और निष्पक्ष चुनाव पर आधारित होना चाहिए जहां वर्तमान में सत्ता में रहने वालों के हारने की उचित संभावना हो।
Class 9 Civics: Chapter 1- What is Democracy? Why Democracy?
- There are many instances of denial of equal right to vote.
→In Saudi Arabia women do not have the right to vote.
→ Estonia has made its citizenship rules in such a way that people belonging to Russian minority find it difficult to get the right to vote.
→ In Fiji, the electoral system is such that the vote of an indigenous Fiji has more value than that of an Indian-Fijian.
- In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.
एक व्यक्ति, एक वोट, एक मूल्य
वोट देने के समान अधिकार से इनकार के कई उदाहरण हैं।
→सऊदी अरब में महिलाओं को वोट देने का अधिकार नहीं है।
→ एस्टोनिया ने अपने नागरिकता नियम इस प्रकार बनाए हैं कि रूसी अल्पसंख्यक वर्ग के लोगों को वोट देने का अधिकार मिलना मुश्किल हो जाता है।
→ फिजी में, चुनावी प्रणाली ऐसी है कि एक स्वदेशी फिजी के वोट का मूल्य एक भारतीय-फिजीवासी के वोट से अधिक है।
लोकतंत्र में प्रत्येक वयस्क नागरिक के पास एक वोट होना चाहिए और प्रत्येक वोट का एक मूल्य होना चाहिए।
Class 9 Civics: Chapter 1- What is Democracy? Why Democracy?
→ Its leader, Robert Mugabe has been ruling the country. He is popular but also uses unfair practices in elections.
→ Television and radio are controlled by the government and give only the ruling party’s version.
कानून का शासन और अधिकारों का सम्मान
• आज़ादी के बाद से ज़िम्बाब्वे पर ZANU-PF का शासन रहा।
→ इसके नेता रॉबर्ट मुगाबे देश पर शासन कर रहे हैं। वह लोकप्रिय हैं लेकिन चुनावों में अनुचित तरीकों का भी इस्तेमाल करते हैं।
→ चुनाव नियमित रूप से होते रहे हैं और हमेशा ज़ेनयू-पीएफ ने जीत हासिल की है।
→ विपक्षी दल के कार्यकर्ताओं को परेशान किया जाता है और उनकी बैठक में बाधा डाली जाती है।
→ सरकार के खिलाफ सार्वजनिक विरोध और प्रदर्शन को अवैध घोषित कर दिया गया है।
→ टेलीविजन और रेडियो सरकार द्वारा नियंत्रित होते हैं और केवल सत्तारूढ़ दल का संस्करण देते हैं।
→ स्वतंत्र समाचार पत्र हैं लेकिन सरकार उन पत्रकारों को परेशान करती है जो उसके खिलाफ जाते हैं।
→ सरकार ने अपने ख़िलाफ़ गए कुछ अदालती फ़ैसलों को नज़रअंदाज़ किया है और न्यायाधीशों पर दबाव डाला है।
• इस मामले में, सरकार लोकतांत्रिक नहीं है क्योंकि वहां कोई नागरिक के बुनियादी अधिकार नहीं हैं, कोई राजनीतिक विरोध नहीं है, कोई न्यायपालिका नहीं है।
एक लोकतांत्रिक सरकार संवैधानिक कानून और नागरिकों के अधिकारों द्वारा निर्धारित सीमाओं के भीतर शासन करती है।
• A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government.
लोकतंत्र के लिए तर्क
• एक लोकतांत्रिक सरकार एक बेहतर सरकार है क्योंकि यह सरकार का अधिक जवाबदेह रूप है।
• लोकतंत्र निर्णय लेने की गुणवत्ता में सुधार करता है।
• लोकतंत्र मतभेदों और संघर्षों से निपटने का एक तरीका प्रदान करता है।
• लोकतंत्र नागरिकों की गरिमा को बढ़ाता है।
• लोकतंत्र हमें अपनी गलतियों को सुधारने की अनुमति देता है।
- Ordinary people don’t know what is good for them; they should not decide anything.
लोकतंत्र क्यों?
लोकतंत्र के ख़िलाफ़ तर्क
• लोकतंत्र में नेता बदलते रहते हैं। इससे अस्थिरता पैदा होती है.
• लोकतंत्र पूरी तरह से राजनीतिक प्रतिस्पर्धा और सत्ता के खेल के बारे में है। नैतिकता की कोई गुंजाइश नहीं है.
• लोकतंत्र में इतने लोगों से सलाह लेनी पड़ती है कि देरी होती है।
• निर्वाचित नेता लोगों के सर्वोत्तम हित को नहीं जानते। इससे ग़लत निर्णय लेने पड़ते हैं।
• लोकतंत्र भ्रष्टाचार को जन्म देता है क्योंकि यह चुनावी प्रतिस्पर्धा पर आधारित है।
सामान्य लोग नहीं जानते कि उनके लिए क्या अच्छा है; उन्हें कुछ भी निर्णय नहीं लेना चाहिए.
Class 9 Civics: Chapter 1- What is Democracy? Why Democracy?
• A democratic decision involves consultation with and consent of all those who are affected by that
decision.
लोकतंत्र के व्यापक अर्थ
• हमारे समय में लोकतंत्र का सबसे आम रूप प्रतिनिधि लोकतंत्र का है जहां बहुमत को सभी लोगों की ओर से निर्णय लेने की अनुमति है।
→ अधिकांश लोग अपने निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधियों के माध्यम से शासन करते हैं।
• एक लोकतांत्रिक निर्णय में उन सभी लोगों से परामर्श और सहमति शामिल होती है जो उससे प्रभावित होते हैं
फ़ैसला।
• लोकतंत्र एक सिद्धांत है जिसे जीवन के किसी भी क्षेत्र में लागू किया जा सकता है।
→ लोकतंत्र किसी सरकार या परिवार या किसी अन्य संगठन पर लागू हो सकता है।
Class 9 Civics: Chapter 1- What is Democracy? Why Democracy?
Questions & their answers
1. Here is some information about four countries. Based on this information, how would you classify each of these countries. Write ‘democratic’, ‘undemocratic’ or ‘not sure’ against each of these.
a. Country A: People who do not accept the country’s official religion do not have a right to vote.
b. Country B: The same party has been winning elections for the last twenty years.
c .Country C: Ruling party has lost in the last three elections.
d. Country D: There is no independent election commission.
Answer:
Country A: Undemocratic
Country B: Not sure
Country C: Democratic
Country D: Undemocratic
2 Here is some information about four countries. Based on this information, how would you classify each of these countries. Write ‘democratic’, ‘undemocratic’ or ‘not sure’ against each of these.
a. Country P: The parliament cannot pass a law about the army without the consent of the Chief of Army.
b. Country Q: The parliament cannot pass a law reducing the powers of the judiciary.
c. Country R: The country’s leaders cannot sign any treaty with another country without taking permission from its neighbouring country.
d. Country S: All the major economic decisions about the country are taken by officials of the central bank which the ministers cannot change.
Answer:
P Undemocratic
Q Democratic
R Undemocratic
S Undemocratic
3. Which of these is not a good argument in favour of democracy? Why?
a. People feel free and equal in a democracy.
b. Democracies resolve conflict in a better way than others.
c. Democratic government is more accountable to the people.
d. Democracies are more prosperous than others.
Answer:
Option (d) because democratic countries like India & Sri Lanka are not as prosperous as countries monarchist countries like Saudi Arabia and communist country like China.
The prosperity of a country depends on many other factors like the availability of natural resources, policies made by government etc.
4. Each of these statements contains a democratic and an undemocratic element. Write out the two separately for each statement.
a. A minister said that some laws have to be passed by the parliament in order to conform to the regulations decided by the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
b. The Election Commission ordered re-polling in a constituency where large-scale rigging was reported.
c. Women’s representation in the parliament has barely reached 10 per cent. This led women’s organisations to demand one third seats for women.
Answer:
(a)
Democratic element − some laws have to be passed by the parliament.
Undemocratic element − conform to the regulations decided by the World Trade Organisation.
(b)
Democratic element − the Election Commission ordered re-polling.
Undemocratic element − large scale rigging was reported.
(c)
Democratic element − this led to women’s organisations to demand one-third seats for women.
Undemocratic element − women’s representation in the parliament has never reached 10 per cent.
5. Which of these is not a valid reason for arguing that there is a lesser possibility of famine in a democratic country?
a. Opposition parties can draw attention to hunger and starvation.
b. Free press can report suffering from famine in different parts of the country.
c .Government fears its defeat in the next elections.
d. People are free to believe in and practise any religion.
Answer:
Option (d) is not a valid reason it is because practising religion is not related to preventing famine.
6. There are 40 villages in a district where the government has made no provision for drinking water. These villagers met and considered many methods of forcing the government to respond to their need. Which of these is not a democratic method?
a. Filing a case in the courts claiming that water is part of right to life.
b. Boycotting the next elections to give a message to all parties.
c. Organising public meetings against government’s policies.
d. Paying money to government officials to get water.
Answer:
The method mention in option (d) is not a democratic method because it advocates paying money to government officials and it is not acceptable in a democratic country.
7. Write a response to the following arguments against democracy:
a. Army is the most disciplined and corruption-free organisation in the country. Therefore army should rule the country.
b. Rule of the majority means the rule of ignorant people. What we need is the rule of the wise, even if they are in small numbers.
c. If we want religious leaders to guide us in spiritual matters, why not invite them to guide us in politics as well. The country should be ruled by religious leaders.
Answer:
(a) The army is well disciplined but it not by the people, from among the people themselves. In a democratic country, the government is formed by the people, for the people and of the people.
(b)It is not necessary that wise people necessarily understand the problems of majority of people & their perspective of life. Most of the people have necessary intelligence to understand rules and regulations.
(c) Religion has nothing to do with politics and there is more probability of conflict between leaders from different relogion.
8. Are the following statements in keeping with democracy as a value? Why?
a. Father to daughter: I don’t want to hear your opinion about your marriage. In our family children marry where the parents tell them to.
b. Teacher to student: Don’t disturb my concentration by asking me questions in the classroom.
c. Employee to the officer: Our working hours must be reduced according to the law.
Answer:
Statement (a) and (b) are are undemocratic. In (a), the girl is denied to decide her own life. In (b), the students is denied to clear his doubts by asking questions.
Statement (c) is democratic, as rules are being followed for the benefits of the person.
9. Consider the following facts about a country and decide if you would call it a democracy. Give reasons to support your decision.
a. All the citizens of the country have right to vote. Elections are held regularly.
b. The country took loan from international agencies. One of the conditions for giving loan was that the government would reduce its expenses on education and health.
c. People speak more than seven languages but education is available only in one language, the language spoken by 52 percent people of that country.
d. Several organisations have given a call for peaceful demonstrations and nation wide strikes in the country to oppose these policies. Government has arrested these leaders.
e. The government owns the radio and television in the country. All the newspapers have to get permission from the government to publish any news about government’s policies and protests.
Answer:
a. It is a democracy as citizens are allowed to vote and choose their government.
b. It is undemocratic as country seems to be under economic penalties and it means people of the country are not free to take economic decisions.
c. It is undemocratic as half of the population of country can’t have proper education as they don’t have access to edcation in the language they understand.
d. It is undemocratic. In a democratic country, individuals have right to assemble and demonstrate peacefully.
e. It is undemocratic because government might suppress people’s opinion through censorship.
10. In 2004 a report published in USA pointed to the increasing inequalities in that country. Inequalities in income reflected in the participation of people in democracy. It also shaped their abilities to influence the decisions taken by the government. The report highlighted that:
– If an average Black family earns $ 100 then the income of average White family is $ 162. A White family has twelve times more wealth than the average Black family.
– In a President’s election ‘nearly 9 out of 10 individuals in families with income over $ 75,000 have voted. These people are the top 20% of the population in terms of their income. On the other hand only 5 people out of 10 from families with income less than $ 15,000 have voted. They are the bottom 20% of the population in terms of their income.
– About 95% contribution to the political parties comes from the rich. This gives them opportunity to express their opinions and
concerns, which is not available to most citizens.
– As poor sections participate less in politics, the government does not listen to their concerns – coming out of poverty, getting job, education, health care and housing for them. Politicians hear most regularly about the concerns of business persons and the rich.
Write an essay on ‘Democracy and Poverty’ using the information given in this report but using examples from India.
Answer:
Democracy and Poverty: Lessons from the USA and Insights for India
In recent years, the link between democracy and income inequality has gained increasing attention, especially in the context of how economic disparities impact political participation and influence. A 2004 report in the United States highlighted alarming trends: income inequality was not just an economic issue but a significant factor in political engagement. This issue resonates globally, including in India, where similar patterns of inequality can be observed. This essay explores the dynamics of democracy and poverty, drawing parallels between the findings of the report and the socio-political landscape of India.
Income Inequality and Political Participation
The 2004 US report revealed stark contrasts in political participation between wealthy and impoverished citizens. In the US, individuals from families earning over $75,000 had a high voter turnout rate of nearly 90%, compared to only 50% among those from families earning less than $15,000. Similarly, the wealth gap was evident in the disproportionate influence wealthy individuals had on political processes, with around 95% of political contributions coming from the affluent. This imbalance not only diminished the political voice of the poor but also influenced policy decisions to favor the wealthy.
India exhibits comparable patterns. The divide between the rich and poor significantly impacts political engagement and representation. In urban areas, the affluent classes often have higher voter turnout rates and greater access to political candidates and policymakers. Conversely, poorer sections, particularly in rural regions, may face barriers such as lack of education, limited access to polling stations, and economic constraints that reduce their political participation.
Economic Disparities and Political Influence
Economic inequality also translates into differences in political influence. In the US, the rich’s substantial contributions to political campaigns afford them greater access and sway over policy decisions. In India, the role of money in politics is similarly significant. Wealthy individuals and business conglomerates often make substantial donations to political parties, thereby gaining undue influence over political agendas and decision-making processes. This creates a scenario where the concerns of the economically disadvantaged are often sidelined in favor of those who can financially support political campaigns.
For instance, issues like rural development, poverty alleviation, and social welfare may receive less attention compared to concerns of industrialists or business magnates who can provide substantial financial backing. This disparity in political influence is evident in the allocation of resources and the prioritization of policies that favor economic elites.
Impact on Policy and Governance
The marginalization of poorer citizens in the political process impacts governance and policy outcomes. The 2004 report highlighted how the government’s responsiveness to the needs of the poor was compromised due to their lower political engagement. In India, this issue is reflected in the uneven distribution of resources and development benefits. Despite various government schemes aimed at poverty alleviation, the effectiveness and reach of these programs can be hampered by the lack of political clout of the poorer sections.
For example, policies related to education, health care, and housing often face implementation challenges in impoverished areas. The lack of robust political representation means that these policies may not be adequately prioritized or efficiently executed, leading to persistent inequalities and underdevelopment in marginalized communities.
Addressing the Disparity
To bridge the gap between democracy and poverty, both India and the US need to address systemic issues that perpetuate economic and political inequalities. In India, increasing voter awareness and education, enhancing access to voting facilities, and implementing reforms to reduce the influence of money in politics can help. Additionally, fostering greater political representation of marginalized groups through affirmative measures can ensure that their concerns are adequately addressed.
The government and civil society must work towards creating a more inclusive political environment where every citizen, regardless of their economic status, has an equal opportunity to participate and influence decision-making. Strengthening democratic institutions and ensuring transparent and accountable governance are crucial steps toward achieving this goal.
Conclusion
The relationship between democracy and poverty is complex and multifaceted. The disparities in political participation and influence between the wealthy and the poor, as highlighted in the 2004 US report and observed in India, underscore the need for systemic changes. By addressing these inequalities, we can move towards a more equitable democratic process where the voices of all citizens are heard and valued, ultimately fostering a more just and inclusive society.
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Very good and useful article